Final answer:
The molecule that serves as an adaptor between amino acids and mRNA during the process of translation is tRNA (Transfer RNA), which carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the codons on the mRNA.
Step-by-step explanation:
tRNA is a type of RNA molecule that carries a specific amino acid and binds to the corresponding codon on the mRNA. It acts as a bridge between the mRNA and the amino acids, ensuring that the correct amino acid is inserted into the growing polypeptide chain.
tRNA is a type of stable RNA that has the critical role of carrying an amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis. Each tRNA molecule has an anticodon that base pairs with the codon on the mRNA strand, ensuring the correct amino acid is incorporated into the growing protein chain. This is why tRNA is considered to "translate" the language of RNA into the language of proteins. rRNA (Ribosomal RNA), another type of RNA mentioned in the information provided, is involved in the ribosome's structure and catalytic activity but does not serve as the adaptor in question.