Final answer:
Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system leads to an increase in saliva production by the salivary glands. This is aligned with the 'rest and digest' function of the parasympathetic nervous system, contrasting with the sympathetic nervous system that inhibits salivation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system has a specific effect on salivary glands; it increases saliva production. When the parasympathetic nerves to the salivary glands are stimulated, they release neurotransmitters that cause the salivary glands to produce saliva. This is part of the 'rest and digest' functions facilitated by the parasympathetic nervous system that allows the body to conserve and restore energy. The parasympathetic nervous system operates through cranial nerves such as the facial and glossopharyngeal nerves, which innervate salivary glands and are responsible for initiating salivation. On the other hand, the sympathetic nervous system inhibits salivation, leading to dry mouth, especially during times of stress.