Final answer:
Angela is experiencing a. 'stereotype threat,' which is the anxiety that arises when a person fears confirming a negative stereotype about their group, impacting her performance in class. In-group bias and out-group dynamics have resulted in social exclusion and extreme cases like hate crimes.
Step-by-step explanation:
Angela experiencing anxiety about her performance in advanced calculus because she believes it will reflect on all women is an example of a. stereotype threat. Stereotype threat occurs when individuals from a group that is negatively stereotyped in a particular context fear they will confirm those stereotypes, which can result in increased anxiety and decreased performance. This phenomenon is particularly relevant in situations where a person, like Angela, is part of a visible minority in a specific setting - for example, one of the few women in a STEM field class.
Historically and contemporarily, in-group bias and out-group dynamics have led to individuals being excluded or tormented. This can range from social exclusion at school or the workplace, to more extreme cases such as hate crimes, where individuals are targeted because of their perceived membership in a particular out-group. The concept of in-group bias fundamentally contributes to these dynamics by promoting a preference for one's own group and prejudicial attitudes towards others.
Examples provided by individuals like Tarter, who was often the only woman in her advanced science or math classes, underscores the prevalence of such issues and the critical need to support diversity and challenge biases in educational and professional environments.