Final answer:
Option (d), People who attribute outcomes of their lives to external forces like luck or actions of others have an external locus of control, a concept defined by Julian Rotter, which contrasts with those who hold themselves accountable for their outcomes.
Step-by-step explanation:
People who believe that forces outside of their control are largely responsible for what happens to them are said to be high in external locus of control. Defined by Julian Rotter, this psychological concept differentiates between believing that personal actions directly affect outcomes (internal locus of control) and believing that outcomes are determined by external forces such as luck, chance, or the actions of others (external locus of control).
Jane, who attributes a bad grade to her professor's personal feelings rather than her own performance, exemplifies someone with an external locus of control. Meanwhile, self-efficacy is about the belief in one's own ability to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task, which differs from the broader external vs. internal perspective of the locus of control.