Final answer:
Test cases based on specifications with anticipated inputs and outputs are typically a form of verification, which ensures the system behaves as expected according to predefined criteria. Verification evaluates software against specified conditions, while validation checks its efficacy in a real-world scenario.
Step-by-step explanation:
Test cases that are informed by specifications with an input and an expected output pertain to the concept of verification or validation in software testing. Verification is the process of evaluating software at a development stage to determine whether it complies with specified conditions. Validation, on the other hand, refers to the process of evaluating software during or at the end of the development process to determine if it meets the intended use and requirements of the customer.
In practice, verification might involve the use of detailed specifications to develop test cases where inputs are defined, and the output is known. The goal is to confirm that the system functions correctly according to the specified requirements. On the contrary, validation focuses on whether the system, when running in its intended environment, will fulfill its purpose, hence, confirming the product's efficacy in a real-world scenario.
In the context of the student's question, developing test cases based on specifications with anticipated inputs and outputs is typically a form of verification. It ensures that the system behaves as expected by comparing the test results to predefined criteria outlined in the system's specifications.