Final answer:
Management action in marine spatial management plans involves strategic regulation of marine ecosystems, combining conservation with sustainable use, and is illustrated by practices in the Comoros Islands and the Great Barrier Reef, showing the integration of traditional and modern approaches.
Step-by-step explanation:
Management action in terms of the relationship among the elements of a marine spatial management plan involves the coordinated and strategic regulation and oversight of marine ecosystems. This includes striking a balance between sustainable use and conservation, incorporating both traditional and modern management practices. For instance, in the Comoros Islands, the devolution of management rights led to increased participation in marine protected area (MPA) decision-making, resulting in local resource users restricting certain types of fishing gear to limit outside use and protect the ecosystem.
Conversely, countries like Australia have adopted ocean zoning within the Great Barrier Reef to minimize the impact of multiple stressors on marine ecosystems, employing an Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) approach that addresses cumulative impacts. Additionally, integrating customary management with marine conservation can aid in sustainability while honoring cultural traditions, as illustrated by the Pacific's generational, culturally embedded systems for regulating resource use.