Final answer:
The sources of acute postoperative pain are muscular, neuropathic, and vascular.
Step-by-step explanation:
The sources of acute postoperative pain are:
- Muscular
- Neuropathic
- Vascular
These three sources of pain can contribute to postoperative pain depending on the specific surgical procedure performed. Muscular pain can result from the surgical incision and manipulation of muscles during the procedure. Neuropathic pain can occur when the nerves are damaged during surgery. Vascular pain can arise from trauma to blood vessels or inadequate blood flow to the affected area. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is ALL of the above (d).