Final answer:
The examples of spatial and temporal management actions are zoning regulations (spatial) and seasonal closures (temporal), which aim to manage the use of space and time respectively in conservation efforts.
Step-by-step explanation:
spatial and temporal management actions is: c) Zoning regulations, Seasonal closures.
Zoning regulations are an example of spatial management as they designate specific areas where certain activities are permitted or prohibited, thus managing the use of space. This is like creating marine protected areas or employing temporary ritualistic reef closures. On the other hand, seasonal closures represent temporal management actions, as they are measures that restrict certain activities during particular times of the year, like fishing bans on the Sabbath or closed fishing seasons.
Spatial and temporal management are critical in conservation, especially when aiming to balance the use of resources and the protection of biodiversity. It involves tools and strategies, such as systems, remote sensing, and various new approaches to implement landscape-scale conservation, enhancing traditional strategies.