Final answer:
The correct answer is (d) Increases the risk of tooth decay, as the fermentation of sugars by oral bacteria leads to the production of acids that damage tooth enamel and contribute to dental caries.
Step-by-step explanation:
Frequent eating or drinking of fermentable carbohydrates increases the risk of tooth decay. This is because in the mouth, fermentation by anaerobic microbes, primarily bacteria like Streptococcus mutans, produces acids. These acids, such as lactic acid resulting from the fermentation of fructose, can dissolve the minerals of the tooth, including enamel, which is the hardest material in the body. Over time, this leads to dental caries, and if left unchecked, the plaque biofilm can become calcified into tartar or dental calculus, which are significant indicators of oral health issues.
Excess consumption of sugary soft drinks and other beverages that contain added sugars can contribute to these problems. They are not only associated with tooth decay, but also with obesity, Type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. On the other hand, regular dental cleanings, fluoride treatment, and consuming sugarless candies or gum with sugar alcohols like xylitol can help in reducing the production of these harmful acids and promote dental health.
Therefore, answer (d) Increases the risk of tooth decay is correct as it reflects the harmful effects of frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrates on dental health.