Final answer:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables computers to learn from past actions to predict future behavior. AI ranges from simple, single-task systems to complex ones that attempt to mimic human cognitive abilities, with applications in various industries, although the existence of truly strong AI that matches human consciousness remains a matter of debate.
Step-by-step explanation:
Artificial Intelligence (AI) means that the computer learns about prior actions to predict the future course of action. It can effectively define human-like intelligence in machines that are programmed with the capability to mimic human thought and actions. There are four types of AI: reactive machines, limited memory, theory of mind, and self-awareness. We see artificial intelligence today in aspects such as self-driving cars which use strong AI to perform cognitive tasks quickly, and virtual assistants like Siri which represent weak AI with a more singular focus.
Some of the leading industries already benefiting from AI include automotive industries with their self-driving cars and in customer service with virtual butlers. However, there is a complex spectrum of ethical considerations about AI's governance, touching on the debate of whether truly strong AI, which would be equivalent to human consciousness, can or even should exist.
Philosophers have contemplated whether it's possible to construct non-organic machines that can perform human-like intelligence. Scientists are also exploring whether we could teach human cells certain 'tricks' that AI can perform, bridging the gap between organic and artificial learning processes.