Final answer:
A hate crime based on a victim's specified group membership occurs when the perpetrator uses force or threats to make the victim feel afraid.
Step-by-step explanation:
A hate crime based on a victim's specified group membership occurs when the perpetrator uses force or threats to make the victim feel afraid.
For example, if someone physically attacks a person because of their race, religion, or other characteristics, it would be considered a hate crime. The goal of the perpetrator is to intimidate and instill fear in the victim because of their group membership.