Final answer:
The reduction of middle managers by 10 percent in an investment bank due to financial problems is an example of restructuring. Restructuring involves changes in an organization's internal structure, which can include staff reductions or resource reallocations. Therefore, the correct option is B.
Step-by-step explanation:
Owing to financial problems in the organization, the top management of an investment bank decided to reduce the number of middle managers by 10 percent. This is an example of restructuring. Restructuring is a strategy where an organization alters its internal structure to deal with financial challenges, improve efficiency, or adapt to the external business environment. In some cases, restructuring can mean the reduction of staff or reallocation of resources within a company.
The practice where the differences between low-end and high-end jobs become greater and the number of people in the middle levels decreases is known as polarization. It can often be observed in businesses and economies where technological advances, globalization, or other factors lead to the loss of middle-level jobs, while the demand for low-level and high-level jobs continues. This can create a socio-economic gap and affect the job market.