Final answer:
A group of employees who manage their own work activities is known as a self-managed team, while a reference group serves as a standard for individual behavior. Primary groups usually have informal leadership, whereas secondary groups have more defined leadership roles and styles.
Step-by-step explanation:
A group of employees who assume collective responsibility for organizing, controlling, and supervising their own work activities is known as a self-managed team. These teams are part of a modern approach to organizational design, especially in response to the rapidly changing workplace that requires agility and diverse skills.
Such teams contrast with traditional organizational structures that rely on individual roles and are indicative of a shift towards more collaborative and autonomous work practices.
Conversely, a group whose values, norms, and beliefs come to serve as a standard for one's own behavior is referred to as a reference group. The concept of the reference group helps explain how individuals evaluate and understand their own behavior based on the standards set by the groups they admire or associate with.
In regard to group leadership, while primary groups tend to have informal leadership, secondary groups usually feature more overt leadership with explicit roles and responsibilities. This is further divided into expressive leaders who focus on emotional health, and instrumental leaders who are more goal-oriented, with different styles like democratic, authoritarian, and laissez-faire leadership coming into play.
Therefore the correct answer is B. self-managed team.