Final answer:
The characteristic of management by objectives that is not true is that the method is robust and equally applicable to all types of jobs. MBO works best in roles where goals are quantifiable and measurable, which is not the case for all job types.
Step-by-step explanation:
The characteristic of management by objectives (MBO) that is not true is 'The method is robust and equally applicable to all types of jobs'. Management by objectives is typically more effective in certain industries and job roles where goals can be clearly defined and measured. Part of its methodology includes establishing specific and measurable goals that are both achievable and appropriate for the role. It also involves setting goals with employee input to ensure buy-in and improve the likelihood of success, and it provides an opportunity for objective feedback to employees. However, the notion that this method is universally applicable is incorrect; not all jobs have outcomes that can be easily measured or quantified.
For example, jobs that are more creative or abstract might not benefit as much from MBO because it’s harder to set specific, quantifiable goals. Furthermore, the success of MBO is also contingent on several factors including organizational culture, the nature of the work, and how well the goals are aligned with both the employees' and the organization's objectives.