Final answer:
Centrosomes, which include a pair of centrioles and organize microtubules, are absent in plant cells. All other listed structures are present in both plant and animal cells.
Step-by-step explanation:
The organelle or structure that is absent in plant cells is the centrosome. Centrosomes, which include a pair of centrioles, function as microtubule-organizing centers in animal cells. Plant cells do not have centrosomes because they organize their microtubules via different mechanisms using microtubule organizing centers. In contrast, both plant and animal cells contain mitochondria, Golgi vesicles, microtubules, and peroxisomes. These organelles perform various essential functions such as energy production, protein sorting, cellular structure support, and breaking down fatty acids, respectively.