Final answer:
The key to understanding how others want to be treated is empathy, which is different from sympathy and entails sharing someone's feelings (a). Various concepts like social constructs, self-efficacy, and congruence are integral to understanding behavior and personal development. Empathy is also central in therapeutic settings for assisting clients with problems.
Step-by-step explanation:
The key to recognizing how others might want to be treated and what they may perceive as unpleasant actions by others is empathy. Empathy involves understanding and sharing the feelings of another person, which allows one to anticipate how one's actions may affect them. This emotional intelligence skill is crucial in building positive interpersonal relationships and is distinct from sympathy, which is feeling compassion for someone without necessarily sharing their emotional experience.
Carol Gilligan believed that earlier researchers into morality had overlooked the justice perspective. According to Gilligan, previous works in moral development theory, particularly those by Lawrence Kohlberg, emphasized justice to the exclusion of other moral perspectives, such as care and interpersonal relationships.
Moreover, our perspectives are deeply influenced by social constructs, which are the ideas and perceptions formed by societal norms and interactions over time. This shaping happens through various facets like education and historical empathy but is predominantly rooted in the collective societal framework.
Your level of confidence in your own abilities is known as self-efficacy. Self-efficacy is the belief in one's capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments and reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.
Additionally, Rogers stressed the importance of providing empathy to clients in order to facilitate their ability to deal with their problems. This approach is key in creating an environment conducive to growth and healing.
Altruism is a form of prosocial behavior motivated by the selfless helping of others, where actions are taken to benefit others without an expectation of personal gain. This illustrates a fundamental aspect of human social behavior which operates beyond individual interests.
The idea that people's ideas about themselves should match their actions is referred to as congruence. This concept is vital in self-concept theory and is associated with a feeling of authenticity and psychological well-being.