Final answer:
The only valid statement is 'select * from R where A = (select A from R).'
Step-by-step explanation:
Out of the given statements, the only valid one is option d. select * from R where A = (select A from R); This statement will retrieve all the rows from relation R where the value of attribute A is equal to the value returned by the subquery (select A from R). It will only return the rows where the value of A matches exactly with the value returned by the subquery. The other statements (a, b, and c) are not valid because the operators used (in all, > all, and not = any) do not exist in the SQL language. These operators are not recognized by the database system.