Final answer:
The luteal phase is the post-ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle where LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum, which increases progesterone and estrogen levels to prepare the endometrium for potential implantation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Luteal Phase and Hormonal Changes
The luteal phase is the final phase of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation. During this phase, the pituitary hormone luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the transformation of the ovulated follicle into a structure known as the corpus luteum. This temporary gland then produces progesterone and, to a lesser extent, estrogen, which lead to a rise in these hormone levels. Progesterone prepares the endometrium of the uterus for a potential pregnancy and suppresses the production of FSH and LH. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, causing a drop in progesterone and estrogen levels, which triggers the start of menstruation.