Final answer:
Urinary incontinence involves various methods to assess and monitor, such as bladder diaries, physical exams, urinalysis, and imaging. Stress incontinence and urge incontinence have distinct causes and symptoms, with the former being related to physical activity and the latter to involuntary muscle contractions. The presence of albumin in urine suggests kidney concerns and necessitates further evaluation.
Step-by-step explanation:
Urinary incontinence is the involuntary leakage of urine and is common in older adults and in women, but can occur due to various underlying health issues. To monitor and assess urinary incontinence, various methods are used, such as:
- Keeping a bladder diary to track the frequency and amount of urine leakage.
- Conducting a physical examination, including a pelvic exam for women or a rectal exam for men, to check for abnormalities.
- Performing urinalysis to detect any signs of infection or presence of abnormal substances like proteins.
- Utilizing imaging tests, such as ultrasound or cystoscopy, to examine the urinary tract.
- Testing with urodynamic studies to assess bladder function and pressure.
Stress incontinence is due to loss of support of the urethra often from stretching of the pelvic floor muscles during childbirth. It causes urine leakage under physical stress such as coughing or sneezing. Urge incontinence, also known as an 'overactive bladder,' results from uncontrolled detrusor muscle contractions leading to unexpected bladder emptying. Treatments may vary, including Kegel exercises and medications. The presence of albumin in the urine can be concerning because it often indicates kidney damage or disease, requiring further investigation.