Final answer:
Not all mentioned behaviors are exclusive or infallible signs of lying. Indicators like changes in body language or physiological responses can suggest discomfort but do not unquestionably point to deception.
Step-by-step explanation:
Not all of the above are definitive indicators that someone is lying. Biting or licking lips, crossing arms, avoiding eye contact, and playing with collars can be signs of discomfort or nervousness but are not foolproof evidence of dishonesty. It is important to consider the context and the individual's baseline behavior before making an assessment.
According to research, there is no particular pattern of physiological arousal that is consistently linked to lying. A polygraph test measures signs of physiological arousal such as increased heart rate and sweat production, but its validity is contested due to the lack of a reliable correlation between these signs and deceptive behavior. Observing someone's body language and nonverbal cues can offer insights into their state of mind, but it's crucial not to rely solely on these cues to determine if they are being dishonest.