Final answer:
Mendel's traits of study that have been characterized molecularly include seven heritable traits in pea plants, each demonstrating dominant and recessive inheritance patterns and following the laws of Mendelian Inheritance.
Step-by-step explanation:
Of Mendel's traits of study, only seven have been characterized molecularly. Mendel conducted extensive studies on pea plants, examining seven specific heritable traits. These traits include seed shape, flower color, pod color, and others. Each trait followed a simple inheritance pattern of dominant and recessive alleles and was controlled by different genes located on separate chromosomes, which is why they were inherited independently. Furthermore, each trait was observed to have two phenotypes. For instance, seed shape could be round or wrinkled, and flower color could be violet or white. Mendel's work laid the groundwork for the Mendelian Inheritance, demonstrating that traits are inherited according to specific laws, prominently the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment, which have both been applied broadly to other organisms beyond pea plants, including humans.