Final answer:
In the process of protein synthesis, transcription is not included. Protein synthesis refers only to the translation phase, which consists of initiation, elongation, and termination steps. Transcription, where DNA is turned into mRNA, is a separate process preceding translation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of protein synthesis (translation) does NOT include transcription. Protein synthesis involves the translation of mRNA into a polypeptide, which includes three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Transcription, on the other hand, is the process by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied into a strand of mRNA, preceding the translation phase in protein synthesis.
During initiation, a ribosome binds to an mRNA transcript, forming an initiation complex. In elongation, tRNA molecules recognize and pair their anticodons with the mRNA codons, bringing specific amino acids that are linked together to form a growing polypeptide. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached, signaling the end of translation and resulting in the release of the synthesized protein.