Final answer:
To prevent tragedy of the commons scenarios, it is essential to have state, national, and international regulations governing emissions, land use, habitat exploitation, and animal trade. Treaties like CITES and governmental efforts such as the US regulations for bluefin tuna fishing provide frameworks for protecting species. International cooperation is vital, as demonstrated by agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement for addressing global warming and biodiversity loss.
Step-by-step explanation:
In order to protect against "tragedy of the commons" scenarios, it is important to have state, national and international regulations to outline rules for emissions, land use, habitat exploitation, and animal trade.
Environmental Biology shows that one of the ways to resolve tragedies of the commons is through governmental intervention, either by authoritative regulation or by privatizing the resource. An example of this is the regulation of the bluefin tuna fishery by the US government, which includes permit requirements, catch limits, and reporting measures.
Legislation, such as international treaties and national laws, also aims to change human behavior to protect species. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), an international treaty that came into force in 1975, helps to regulate the transportation of endangered species across international borders. National laws can support CITES by establishing a legal framework that limits the international movement of endangered species and their parts, although enforcement can differ among countries.
Global initiatives like the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement are essential to tackle environmental issues that transcend national borders, such as global warming and biodiversity preservation. These problems, identified as international externalities, necessitate collaborative efforts among nations to be successfully addressed.