Final answer:
Paleobotany, dendrochronology, and glaciology are scientific fields that help make assumptions about past climate conditions by studying plants, tree growth, and geological evidence like ice cores.
Step-by-step explanation:
Paleobotany is the branch of biology that focuses on the study of extinct plants. Paleobotanists analyze fossilized plant specimens retrieved from field studies to understand how these organisms evolved over time and to identify common ancestors. By examining the plant morphology and studying the sediments and fossil organisms surrounding the specimens, paleobotanists can make assumptions about past climate conditions.
Dendrochronology is another method used to understand past climate conditions. By analyzing the number of annual rings in trees, scientists can predict changes in Earth's atmosphere. For example, the growth rings can indicate changes in temperature and precipitation over time.
Glaciology is the study of glaciers and ice sheets. Scientists can identify major ice ages through the study of glacial deposits and ice cores. By analyzing the composition of ice cores, scientists can make assumptions about past climate conditions, such as temperature and carbon dioxide levels.