Final answer:
Haussmannization refers to the urban renewal of 19th-century Paris, led by Baron Haussmann under Napoleon III, which modernized the city through the creation of boulevards, parks, and improved sanitation, while also displacing many of the urban poor. The correct option is C.
Step-by-step explanation:
Haussmannization refers to the massive urban renewal project of Paris from 1853 to 1870, carried out under the direction of Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann and commissioned by Napoleon III. This project involved reconstructing the city to address its medieval structure characterised by narrow cobbled streets, open sewers, and the inadequate lighting.
Haussmann's renovation of Paris included building wide boulevards, parks, and the installation of modern amenities such as sewage systems and gas street lighting, aimed at improving public health, enhancing city aesthetics, and facilitating better control and surveillance by the government. The transformation also had social implications, as it led to the displacement of the urban poor from the city center to the peripheries and the development of new living spaces for the bourgeoisie, fundamentally changing Paris's social landscape.