Final answer:
Vertebrates are characterized by a backbone, internal skeleton, muscles for movement, a closed circulatory system with a heart, and a well-developed brain within a cranium. These features distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates and enable complex behaviors and adaptation to diverse environments.
Step-by-step explanation:
Introduction to Vertebrates
Vertebrates are a diverse group of animals that are united by a few distinct characteristics. The primary feature shared by all vertebrates is the vertebral column, or backbone, which protects the spinal cord, supports the body, and allows for movement. The backbone is formed from individual units known as vertebrae. Adding to this, vertebrates have an internal endoskeleton including bones and cartilage.
Other Vertebrate Traits
Beyond the crucial backbone, vertebrates exhibit other traits such as a system of muscles attached to the skeleton for movement and a closed circulatory system, which includes a heart pumping blood through a network of vessels. The hearts in vertebrates can have between two and four chambers, with more chambers aiding in efficient oxygenation and circulation of blood. Moreover, vertebrates possess a well-developed brain housed within a cranium for enhanced sensory and neural functions.
Summary of Vertebrate Characteristics
- Ventral column (backbone) made up of vertebrae
- Internal skeleton (endoskeleton)
- System of muscles for movement
- Closed circulatory system with a heart
- Developed brain within a cranium
Collectively, these features are not only crucial for the movement, support, and protection of vertebrates but also essential for their complex behaviors and survival in various environments. Examples of vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, which are all part of the phylum Craniata/Vertebrata.