Final answer:
The resistance movements in Russia and against Portuguese in Africa were driven by various similar factors like economic motives and social inequality, but viewed through different historical and cultural lenses, leading to distinct manifestations of nationalistic fervor and the role of religious differences.
Step-by-step explanation:
To compare the different revolts in Russia to the resistance against the Portuguese in Africa, we can examine several factors, including economic motives, nationalistic fervor, social inequality, and religious differences. The Russian revolts, especially the Bolshevik Revolution, were significantly driven by social inequality and economic crises within the empire, often exacerbated by the hardship of World War I. Nationalistic fervor was also a component, particularly in regions like Ukraine, where an alignment of national identity with economic class fueled the resistance. Different groups had varying levels of national consciousness and grievances tied to local injustices or identity rather than broad ideologies.
In contrast, resistance against the Portuguese in Africa, such as in Ethiopia, was motivated by desires to retain autonomy and prevent European dominance. There were also economic reasons, namely the exploitation of African resources and labor, and nationalistic motives rooted in a strong sense of identity and desire for sovereignty. Religious differences can be seen in some African resistances too like the Mahdi's war in Sudan, where they fought against not just political but also cultural and religious imposition by Europeans.
Both the Russians and Africans faced social inequality, though the contexts differed as Russia's struggles had a class-based dimension while in Africa, it was often more about colonial subjugation. Nationalistic fervor was present in both but manifested differently owing to the distinct historical and cultural contexts. Economic motives were central as well, with the desire for land and resources being a common thread. In Russia, economic hardships led to revolts, whereas in Africa, economic exploitation by colonizers precipitated resistance.