Final answer:
Homologous genes in a single species are called alleles and when related, form a gene family. These genes are located on homologous chromosomes, which can be homozygous or heterozygous depending on their alleles. Linked genes on a chromosome may inherit together due to their proximity.
Step-by-step explanation:
In a single species, homologous genes are called alleles, and collectively make a gene family. The matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid organism are called homologous chromosomes. Each chromosome in the pair contains genes at specific locations, termed loci. These genes can code for various characteristics or traits, which can have different versions or traits. For example, the gene for earlobe shape might have alleles for free or attached earlobes.
Alleles are alternate forms of genes that can be found on homologous chromosomes. A diploid organism can be homozygous if it has two identical alleles, or heterozygous if it has two different alleles of a gene. Additionally, linkage can affect how these alleles are passed down during meiosis, with genes that are close together on a chromosome being less likely to be separated by crossing-over.