Final answer:
In Vroom's expectancy theory, instrumentality is the belief that specific outcomes will result from task performance. It is part of the motivation equation that includes expectancy and valence, which altogether predict an individual's motivational force.
Step-by-step explanation:
In Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation, instrumentality is a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance. This concept is rooted in the expectation that one's effort will lead to performance and consequently to certain outcomes, which could be positive or negative. Vroom's expectancy equation is a key component in understanding how individuals are motivated and highlights the importance of beliefs and expectations in driving behavior.
This motivational theory, along with the concepts of self-efficacy, achievement, and the various social motives explored in motivational psychology, illustrates the complexities of what motivates individuals to perform and achieve goals.