Final answer:
Vroom's expectancy theory equation for motivation is completed by c) 'valence,' which represents the value of the expected outcome. Work content is often the most significant predictor of job satisfaction. Social exchange theory posits that humans aim to maximize benefits and minimize costs in relationships.
Step-by-step explanation:
Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation suggests that an individual's motivation is a product of three components: expectancy, instrumentality, and valence. Therefore, the correct completion for the equation motivation = expectancy * instrumentality * _______ is c) valence. Valence refers to the value an individual places on the expected outcome. When valence is positive, the person values the outcome and is more motivated to exert effort. For instance, if a student believes that studying hard (expectancy) will lead to good grades (instrumentality) and values those good grades (valence), they are likely to be highly motivated to study.
With regard to job satisfaction, the most strongly predictive factor is not solely financial rewards, personality, or autonomy, but rather it tends to be work content. Work content includes the tasks involved in a job, the variety and interest those tasks provide, and the perceived meaningfulness of the job. People who find their work engaging and meaningful are more likely to experience high levels of job satisfaction.
Last, according to social exchange theory, humans seek to maximize the benefits while minimizing the costs in relationships. This principle underscores people's desire to have rewarding interactions with others, where the perceived benefits of the relationship outweigh the costs associated with maintaining that relationship.