Question

Which type of reference group influence occurs when an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction?

A. informational

B. normative

C. identification

D. transient

E. permanent

Answer 1

B. normative beacuse Normative reference group influence occurs when individuals conform to group expectations to gain approval or avoid sanctions based on the desire for social acceptance.

Step-by-step explanation:

Normative reference group influence occurs when an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction. This type of influence is driven by the desire to conform to the norms and values of a particular group to avoid disapproval or gain approval.

In normative influence, individuals are motivated by the fear of rejection or the hope of social acceptance, and their behavior aligns with the perceived norms of the reference group.

Normative influence is characterized by the individual's desire to fit in and be accepted by the group, leading them to comply with group norms and expectations.

The motivation behind this type of influence is often based on social approval or the avoidance of social sanctions.

In practical terms, individuals may conform to group behavior not because they necessarily agree with it, but rather to maintain a positive social standing within the group.

This form of reference group influence is distinct from informational influence, where individuals look to the group for guidance and information, and identification influence, where individuals emulate the characteristics of a group they admire.

Normative influence is more about adhering to group norms to secure social rewards or avoid penalties, making it the apt choice for the described scenario.

Therefore the correct option is B. normative.

Answer 2

Normative social influence occurs when individuals conform to a group norm to be accepted, which was observed in the Asch experiments. Contrarily, informational social influence is based on the belief that the group has the correct information and typically arises in ambiguous situations.

Thus option B. normative is correct answer.

Step-by-step explanation:

The type of reference group influence where an individual conforms to group expectations to gain a direct reward or avoid a sanction is known as normative social influence. This type of influence occurs when individuals conform to a group norm to fit in, feel good, and be accepted by the group.

An example of this can be seen in the Asch conformity experiments, where participants conformed to incorrect answers provided by a group in the line judgment task to avoid ridicule or disapproval, despite clearly knowing the correct answer.

A reference group is a group whose values, norms, and beliefs serve as a standard for one's own behavior. Under normative social influence, individuals seek acceptance rather than explicitly factual or correct information, which is what informational social influence encompasses. Informational social influence is more likely when the answer to a question or problem is ambiguous and the group is perceived as having expertise (Deutsch & Gerard, 1955).

Thus option B. normative is correct answer.