Final answer:
The formation of the neural tube through the process of neurulation leads to the rostral-to-caudal patterning where the anterior end forms the brain and the posterior forms the spinal cord. This process is fundamental for the establishment of the central nervous system in embryonic development.
Step-by-step explanation:
Rostral-to-Caudal Patterning of the Neural Tube
The process of neurulation begins with the development of the neural plate, a thickened layer of neuroepithelium that runs longitudinally along the dorsal surface of the embryo and gives rise to nervous system tissue. Subsequently, the neural plate undergoes folding to form the neural groove, leading to the formation of the neural tube. This tube, positioned beneath the ectoderm, extends from the anterior end to the posterior end of the embryo and will eventually develop into the central nervous system (CNS).
The anterior end of the neural tube dilates and forms vesicles, which will differentiate into the complex structures of the brain. The posterior portion of the neural tube will develop into the spinal cord. The neural crest, a cluster of cells that separates from the folds of the neural tube, migrates to form various components of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and other tissues such as craniofacial cartilage and melanocytes.