Final answer:
A scientist who examines the chromosomal composition of a particular cell is called a cytogeneticist. They use karyotyping to identify chromosomal abnormalities by arranging stained chromosomes on a karyogamy for analysis.
Step-by-step explanation:
A scientist who examines the chromosomal composition of a particular cell is known as a cytogeneticist. These professionals employ a process called karyotyping, which helps identify traits characterized by chromosomal abnormalities. It begins with the collection of cells from a blood sample or other tissue. In the laboratory, the cytogeneticist stimulates cells to divide, uses colchicine to arrest chromosomes in metaphase, and applies a hypotonic solution to spread the chromosomes apart. After preserving the sample, it's applied to a slide. Chromosomes are stained with dyes, visualized under a microscope to observe distinct banding patterns, and identified by size and centromere location. Finally, the cytogeneticist arranges a digital image of the chromosomes into a karyogamy or ideogram, thereby making the chromosomal composition and any potential abnormalities visible.