Question

∼D ⊃ ∼C

R ⊃ ∼D
---------
R ⊃ ∼C
a. MP—valid.
b. DS—valid.
c. Invalid.
d. CD—valid.
e. HS—valid.

Answer 1

The arguments presented are valid and conform to the rules of logical inference, specifically Modus Ponens (MP) and Disjunctive Syllogism (DS).

Step-by-step explanation:

To determine the validity of the arguments, we can use the rules of logical inference. The first argument is a Modus Ponens (MP) form, which is a valid form of inference. It states that if ¬D implies ¬C and R implies ¬D, then R implies ¬C. The second argument is the Disjunctive Syllogism (DS) form, which is also valid. It states that if ¬D implies ¬C and R implies ¬D, then R implies ¬C. Therefore, MP and DS are valid arguments in this case.