Final answer:
Confucianism considers several key relationships as foundational for a harmonious society, except for those without a hierarchical nature. It emphasizes virtues like benevolence and filial piety to maintain these relationships, despite its historical perpetuation of societal injustices.
Step-by-step explanation:
All of the following are considered basic human relations in Confucianism except for relationships that do not exemplify a hierarchical structure. The core human relations according to Confucianism include the relationships between king and subjects, father and son, husband and wife, elder brother and younger siblings, and among friends. Each of these relationships has an inherent sense of hierarchical respect, except for the relationship between friends, which is characterized by mutual respect rather than one of authority and obedience.
Confucianism advocates for a harmonious society where everyone has a place and certain responsibilities, emphasizing virtues such as benevolence and reciprocity, which glue together the fabric of society. Confucius taught that these relationships should be guided by the virtue of ren (benevolence) which is exhibited by displaying generosity, empathy, and moral leadership towards others.
Although Confucianism underlines the importance of these relationships, it has received criticism for perpetuating societal injustices, especially the oppression of women. Despite these critiques, the philosophy remains a significant part of East Asian culture and thought, with its emphasis on filial piety and social ethics.