Final answer:
Thought, language, memory, emotion, and motivation are often referred to as mental or cognitive processes in psychology. They are inferred from observable behavior and can be influenced by genetic factors, environment, and learning experiences, including implicit memories and language.
Step-by-step explanation:
Thought, language, memory, emotion, and motivation, because they are inferred from observable behavior, are often referred to as mental processes or cognitive processes. These aspects of human psychology cannot be directly observed, but rather are interpreted based on how individuals react to different stimuli, events, or situations. For instance, language is an overt expression that can reveal aspects of cognition, while emotions can be inferred from facial expressions, body language, and even physiological responses.
Some psychologists and philosophical theories, such as logical behaviorism, suggest that there is no 'mind' separate from the brain, and that all human thoughts and behaviors can be explained by physical factors and learning experiences. The same psychologists may assert that humans, like other mammals, learn behaviors, including the use of language, based on reinforcement. However, the idea that behavior can be reduced solely to genetics or learned responses is considered controversial due to the complex interplay of cognitive processes, genetics, and environment.
Implicit Memories and Behavior
In psychology, implicit memories, such as habits or the emotional responses conditioned through experience, can heavily influence behavior without our conscious awareness. These memories are akin to programs running in the background of our cognitive systems, affecting both observable actions and thought processes.
Influence of Language on Thought
The relationship between language and thought is also pivotal in understanding human behavior. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests that language shapes thought and behavior, as cultural meanings embedded in language can influence how people perceive and interact with the world around them. An example of this would be the varying perceptions of numerals considered unlucky in different cultures.