Final answer:
A neuron that performs and observes the same action is a mirror neuron, which is essential for learning by imitation and is a key element in the structure of human social interaction and language development.
Step-by-step explanation:
A neuron that is involved in executing an action, as well as observing someone else performing the same action, is referred to as a mirror neuron. These neurons are integral to the process of observational learning, where an individual learns by watching others and subsequently imitating their actions.
Mirror neurons were first discovered in primates and are considered a fundamental component for understanding and imitating actions, which is a prerequisite for language development. Although the invasive neurological studies conducted on primates cannot be performed on humans due to ethical concerns, non-invasive neuroimaging studies suggest humans have a similar mirror neuron system. This system allows us to recognize and recreate the actions of others, playing a crucial role in not only learning by observation but also in empathy and social interactions.