Final answer:
The correct sequence of structures in the retina affected after light absorption is Rod/cone → bipolar cell → ganglion cell → optic nerve, which represents the pathway from photoreception to signal transmission to the brain.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct sequence of structures affected after light is absorbed in the pigment epithelium of the retina is: Rod/cone → bipolar cell → ganglion cell → optic nerve. Initially, light triggers a chemical change in the photoreceptors (rods and cones), which leads to a change in membrane potential. This change in photoreceptors affects the neurotransmitter release onto bipolar cells, which then synapse with ganglion cells. The ganglion cells generate action potentials that travel along their axons, which congregate into the optic nerve and transmit visual information to the brain. This pathway encapsulates the retinal processing of light information before it is sent out from the eye.