Final answer:
Institutional (option c) learning deterioration refers to issues stemming from the educational institution's structure affecting a particular academic program, often impacting the balance between propositional and procedural knowledge.
Step-by-step explanation:
The learning deterioration related to an issue characteristic of a particular academic program is most likely Institutional. This type of deterioration refers to problems that originate from the structure or nature of the educational institution itself, including its policies and educational practices. These can impact the learning environment, the curriculum, and subsequently the students' ability to learn effectively within a specific academic program.
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, including its limits and validity. Epistemology categorizes knowledge into different types, such as propositional, procedural, and knowledge by acquaintance. While propositional knowledge concerns knowing 'that' something is the case, procedural knowledge involves knowing 'how' to do something. For instance, one may understand the principles of riding a bicycle (propositional knowledge) but may not know how to ride one (procedural knowledge). Academic programs that do not offer a balance between these types of knowledge could contribute to institutional learning deterioration.