Final answer:
Systemic fluoride, found in water, food, beverages, or supplements, is essential for preventing tooth decay by strengthening tooth enamel. Community water fluoridation optimizes fluoride levels in water supplies for dental health benefits. However, excessive fluoride can lead to fluorosis, so intake levels are regulated.
Step-by-step explanation:
Fluoride and Dental Health
Fluoride that is ingested in water, food, beverages, or supplements is known as systemic fluoride. This type of fluoride is integral to dental health, particularly in the prevention of tooth decay. Systemic fluoride can come from naturally occurring fluoride in water, or from fluoride that is added to water supplies in a process called community water fluoridation. This procedure adjusts the fluoride concentration in water to the optimal level that reduces the incidence of tooth decay.
The use of fluoride for dental health is based on its ability to strengthen tooth enamel. Specifically, when fluoride ions react with hydroxylapatite in the teeth, they form fluorapatite, which is more resistant to acid attacks. Products such as toothpaste and mouth rinses contain fluoride, enhancing the protection against cavities. Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride are common fluoride sources in these products, with the latter being particularly effective against dental caries and gingivitis.
While the benefits of fluoride for oral hygiene are significant, it's important to manage fluoride intake properly. Excessive fluoride exposure can lead to conditions such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency has set maximum fluoride limits in drinking water to mitigate these risks.