Final answer:
The complex land, self-rule, and security issues primarily exist between Israelis and Palestinians, with a history of conflict dating back to Arab opposition of the Jewish state and are characterized by contested borders and the status of Jerusalem.
Step-by-step explanation:
The issues of land, self-rule, and security that divide Israelis are most contentiously faced with the Palestinians. Current negotiations address a myriad of sensitive topics, encompassing mutual recognition, security concerns, borders, water rights, and importantly, the status of Jerusalem, as well as Israeli settlements and Palestinian refugees originating from events around the 1948 War of Independence. The disagreement stretches back to the historical opposition of Arab Sovereignty and the Jewish state, and multiple conflicts including the Six-Day War in 1967, where Israel gained control over the territories now thought to be part of a prospective Palestinian state.
In 1947, the British handed over the Palestine mandate to the newly formed United Nations, which proposed a partition plan. The plan was mostly rejected by the Arab Palestinians and the Arab states, leading to the First Arab-Israeli War upon Israel's declaration of independence. This conflict, and those that followed, has led to an ongoing dispute over land rights and the establishment of a viable, independent Palestinian state.
The political situation remains complex due to differing perspectives on feasible solutions. While the US has historically supported Israel, the Palestinians seek recognition and independence. Israeli concerns center around security and the defensibility of a two-state solution considering the presence of Jewish settlements in the West Bank. Neither side has shown a willingness to sufficiently trust the other to implement agreements, such as the Oslo Accords, leading to a cycle of accusation and violence, which exacerbates the enduring conflict over territory and sovereignty.