Final answer:
Disassociation, manipulation of duration field values, and jamming are means by which a threat actor can perform a wireless DoS attack. IEEE separate is not a means of performing such an attack.
Step-by-step explanation:
In a wireless denial of service (DoS) attack, the attacker attempts to disrupt or disable a wireless network, making it unavailable to legitimate users. Options a, b, and d are all means by which a threat actor can perform a wireless DoS attack: disassociation involves forcefully disconnecting a client from a network, manipulating duration field values can lead to network congestion, and jamming interrupts the wireless communication. On the other hand, option c (IEEE separate) is not a means of performing a wireless DoS attack, as IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, which is an organization that develops wireless protocols and standards.