Final answer:
Organizational capabilities are a) knowledge-based, deeply rooted in an organization's culture and the tacit knowledge within its processes and systems. A strengths-based approach to management and the capability approach both emphasize the value of focusing on individual strengths and providing resources for personal development. Effective organizational capabilities arise from the interaction of human, physical, and technological factors in a business context.
Step-by-step explanation:
Organizational capabilities are knowledge-based, encompassing the collective abilities that an organization possesses, which reside in people and in the company's intellectual capital, or in organizational processes and systems that embody tacit knowledge. These capabilities are often reflective of the organization's culture, encompassing values, visions, hierarchies, norms, and interactions among employees as well as responding to changes such as mergers, acquisitions, and downsizing. A strengths-based management approach, as researched by Donald Clifton, emphasizes the importance of focusing on individual strengths rather than weaknesses, indicating that leveraging human capital is pivotal. Additionally, the capability approach highlights the importance of treating each person as an end and focusing on their choice and freedom rather than simply their achievements, with organizations playing a critical role in providing the necessary resources to enhance these capabilities. Ensuring effective organizational capabilities does not only involve key personnel but requires the synergistic interaction of human capital, physical capital, and technology, as well as recognizing the diverse needs of individuals. A supportive management strategy, that takes into consideration an individual's strengths, weaknesses, and the overall requirements of their role within the business, is also necessary.