Final answer:
Big Data is data of such a large volume that it cannot be handled by traditional computing methods, necessitating the use of supercomputers, specialized algorithms, and sometimes even citizen science, as in the case of the Sloan Survey and Galaxy Zoo.
Step-by-step explanation:
The correct answer to the question is A) Big Data. Big Data refers to information that is so immense in volume that traditional data processing tools cannot efficiently handle it. The example given from the Sloan Survey illustrates the sheer magnitude of data collected in the form of 15 terabytes, which is compared to the vast collection of the Library of Congress. To manage this data, advanced computing techniques such as supercomputers and sophisticated algorithms are necessary. In some cases, projects like Galaxy Zoo have used citizen science to help process Big Data, demonstrating the need for innovative solutions to manage these extensive datasets.