Final answer:
The question seems to have a typo as there is no clear connection between VO2 max calculations and the scenarios about mountain climbers. Option d (VO2 max / 100) is the correct calculation for percentage of VO2 max. The scenarios provided are about calculating oxygen needs and efficiency for mountain climbers.
Step-by-step explanation:
The student is asking about various calculations related to VO2 max, which refers to the maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during incremental exercise. However, the information provided primarily concerns the evaluation of oxygen usage for mountain climbers at high altitudes and their efficiency in doing work by climbing. The question seems to have a typo as there is no clear connection between the initial question about VO2 max calculations and the detailed scenarios provided about the mountain climbers. The correct calculation formula for the percentage of VO2 max is VO2 max divided by 100 (option d).
In the scenario given, assuming a mountain climber requires twice the oxygen for climbing at high altitudes, we would calculate their oxygen needs and efficiency based on the details of their climb and energy expenditure. The efficiency in this context refers to the ratio of useful work done to the energy spent in the form of food calories or oxygen consumed. Typically, efficiency is expressed as a percentage, and it is always less than 100% due to the loss of energy as heat and other factors. For example, if a climber does useful work while metabolizing 500 kcal, and we know the kilo-calorie to joule conversion, we could find out their efficiency.