Final answer:
An organization with departments representing individual disciplines like engineering and marketing follows Functional management, where each department focuses on their specialized skills. This contrasts with other structures, such as matrix, divisional, and project-based management.
Step-by-step explanation:
When an organization has standard departments that represent individual disciplines such as engineering, marketing, purchasing, and so on, the organization follows Functional management. In this structure, each department focuses on their own special area of expertise, contributing to the overall objectives of the organization by maximizing their specialized skills. This approach is contrasted with other organizational structures like matrix management, which blends functional and project-based divisions; divisional management, which is oriented around products, projects, or markets; and project-based management, which is often used for temporary and distinct projects.
The division of labor concept within bureaucracies involves individuals fulfilling specialized tasks that they are trained or skilled in. In the university example, the clear division of labor makes it easy for each member of the organization to know their role and excel within their specialty. However, in the restaurant example, while the hostess's main responsibility is to seat customers, a more flexible division of labor during times of need, such as food being backed up in the kitchen, might make for better overall efficiency and customer service.