Final answer:
As societies industrialize, traditional authority often declines, and new forms of authority, such as bureaucratic and economic power, emerge to adapt to the changing social and economic structures.
Step-by-step explanation:
What typically happens to authority as societies industrialize? The answer is d. New forms of authority emerge. During the process of industrialization, traditional authority, which relies on longstanding customs and established practices, often declines.
The transition to a more industrialized society sees the rise of new leaders and institutions that derive their power from other sources, such as economic success, knowledge, or bureaucratic organization. For example, in the past, aristocrats and monarchs held power through traditional authority based on hereditary succession.
But with the advent of industrialization, new economic players like the Rockefellers and Vanderbilts amassed wealth through business ventures, thereby creating a new form of authority based on economic power. Likewise, urbanization encouraged the growth of new governance structures to manage the needs of an increasingly complex society.
Over time, these changes contribute to a shift from traditional to bureaucratic or legal-rational forms of authority. In summary, as societies industrialize, they experience significant changes in their structure, shifting away from adherence to the past toward new systems of authority that emerge to meet the changing social and economic landscape.