Final answer:
The military developed project management tools such as advanced planning by general staffs and leveraged innovations in science and technology during World War II and the Cold War era, which included the atomic bomb and advances in radar, sonar, and computing. These developments necessitated significant government investment and contributed to the formation of the military-industrial complex.
Step-by-step explanation:
The military has developed numerous project management tools to handle the complexities of modern warfare and coordinate large numbers of troops and resources. During the early twentieth century, it became apparent that traditional modes of military planning were insufficient for the scale of the forces involved. The necessity for detailed advanced planning and coordination gave rise to the permanent staff of high-ranking officers, known as the "general staff", that managed war plans and tactics. In the context of the Second World War and the Cold War era, the U.S. military significantly advanced the application of science and technology in warfare, leading to innovations such as the atomic bomb, advanced radar and sonar systems, proximity fuses, computers, and jet aircraft. These advancements required a substantial financial commitment from the government, which contributed to the formation of the military-industrial complex, as described by President Eisenhower. Large engineering projects, often with military applications like missile technology and artificial intelligence, stretched the technical capabilities of their era and required the mobilization of resources by governments.