Final answer:
Long-term Potentiation (LTP) is the term that describes a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength, playing a vital role in synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory.
Step-by-step explanation:
The term that describes a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength is Long-term Potentiation (LTP). LTP is a crucial mechanism underpinning synaptic plasticity and is essential for processes such as learning and memory. Essentially, LTP increases the efficacy of the synapse in transmitting signals between neurons, often through the insertion of more AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic membrane in response to repetitive stimulation. This leads to a greater postsynaptic response to presynaptic neurotransmitter release in the future, reinforcing the synaptic connection.