Final answer:
The artists of Doryphoros and The Vitruvian Man were both concerned with ideal proportions and symmetry in the human form, utilizing mathematics and observation to achieve an illusion of perfection.
Step-by-step explanation:
The artists of Doryphoros (The Spear Bearer) by Polykleitos and The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci were both primarily concerned with C) Ideal proportions and symmetry. These works reveal a profound consideration of mathematical principles in pursuit of the depiction of the perfect human form. Doryphoros represents an idealized athlete, blending realism with a calculated harmonic proportion known as the "Canon", while The Vitruvian Man embodies da Vinci's understanding of geometry and his research into the ideal human proportions as described by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius.
Both sculptures demonstrate the timeless quest for perfection in human figures, where artists from distinct periods employed their knowledge of mathematics and keen observation to achieve a balance between perceived reality and ideal beauty. This understanding is further reflected in later periods, including the Renaissance, when such ideals were revisited and elaborated upon by artists like Leonardo da Vinci, who continued the exploration of mathematical harmony in human anatomy.